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The Chambersburg Raid, often identified as J.E.B. Stuart's Chambersburg Raid, was a Confederate States Army cavalry raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania on October 10–12, 1862 during the American Civil War (Civil War). It became known as Stuart's "second ride around McClellan" because it duplicated Stuart's reconnaissance ride completely around the Union Army of the Potomac under Major General George B. McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign.〔Norris, David A. ('Chambersburg Raid (9–12 October 1862)' ) in ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'', edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. Retrieved October 11, 2012. p. 391.〕〔Cooling, Benjamin Franklin. ''Counter-thrust: From the Peninsula to the Antietam''. Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8032-1515-3. p. 277.〕 After McClellan failed to pursue the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia commanded by General Robert E. Lee from Maryland to Virginia after the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, Lee planned to achieve some of his thwarted objectives from the Maryland Campaign through a cavalry raid. He asked Major General J.E.B. Stuart to lead the raid. Stuart took 1,800 men and a four-cannon light artillery battery on the raid. Stuart crossed into Maryland west of the Army of the Potomac's encampments, raided Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania and locations along his way, and returned south on a longer route which first took his men to the east of the Union Army positions. Stuart achieved his objectives of securing fresh horses, mules, arms and supplies; capturing about 30 civilian officials to exchange for captured Confederates; destroying important railroad equipment, buildings and track in the vicinity of Chambersburg; capturing and paroling about 280 convalescing Union soldiers; gathering information; and avoiding a significant battle through skilful evasion of pursuing Union cavalry. His men did fail to destroy the important railroad bridge over Conococheague Creek near Chambersburg which they were told, falsely, was made of iron. The raid contributed to President Abraham Lincoln's decision to replace McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac less than a month later.〔 ==Background== On August 28–30, 1862, the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia commanded by General Robert E. Lee defeated Union Major General John Pope's Army of Virginia at the Second Battle of Bull Run or Second Manassas.〔Hansen, Harry. ''The Civil War: A History''. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. . p. 224.〕〔Eicher, David J. ''The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War.'' New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5. p. 331.〕〔The Army of Virginia had been created on June 26, 1862 by troops from Mountain Department of western Virginia, the Department of the Shenandoah and the Department of the Rappahannock. Units from the Army of the Potomac reinforced the Army of Virginia before the Second Battle of Bull Run. McClellan had been placed in command of the defenses of Washington, D.C. as his troops returned from the Peninsula Campaign. Sauers, Richard A. ''Army of Virginia'' in ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'', edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. pp. 106–107. When McClellan was given command of Pope's troops as they returned to Washington, he abolished the Army of Virginia and combined its men with the Army of the Potomac. Rafuse, Ethan S. ''Army of the Potomac'' in ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'', edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. p. 100.〕 Pope retreated to Centreville, Virginia where he considered having his force retreat into the defenses of Washington, D.C.〔〔 Since Pope's men retreated and reorganized in seemingly good order, Major General Henry W. Halleck, then Union Army General-in-Chief, ordered Pope to attack Lee.〔〔 Lee had not ordered an immediate pursuit of Pope's army because the Confederates were exhausted from three weeks of marching and the battle and were low on ammunition and supplies.〔 On the next day, Lee ordered Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson to outflank the Union Army and get his force between Pope's men and Washington, D.C.〔 This led to the Battle of Chantilly or Ox Hill in Fairfax County, Virginia on September 1, 1862.〔Eicher, 2001, p. 333.〕 Two Union Army divisions held off the Confederate force as a severe thunderstorm hampered continued fighting.〔 After the fighting ceased, the Union forces withdrew first to Jermantown, Virginia and Fairfax Court House, Virginia and then into the Washington, D.C. defenses.〔 This cleared the way for the Maryland Campaign, Lee's first invasion of the North.〔Eicher, 2001, p. 334.〕 Lee saw the Union Army defeat at Second Bull Run and its withdrawal from Chantilly into Washington as an opportunity to secure supplies and recruits in Maryland and possibly in Pennsylvania and to secure a victory that might bring foreign government recognition of the Confederacy.〔Hansen, 1961, p. 231.〕 Meanwhile, after the Union Army's defeat and withdrawal to Washington, President Abraham Lincoln put Major General George B. McClellan back in charge of the entire Union Army in the Washington, D.C. area by adding Pope's men to his command of the Army of the Potomac.〔Hansen, 1961, pp. 228–229.〕 Although Lincoln was disgusted by McClellan's delays and constant calls for more men and arms earlier in the year, he recognized the need for McClellan's organizational talents to restore morale and order to the Union forces.〔〔McPherson, James M. ''Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era''. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0. p. 533.〕〔President Lincoln officially relieved Pope of command on September 5, 1862. Hansen, 1961, p. 225.〕〔By September 12, 1862, the Army of Virginia had been totally merged into McClellan's Army of the Potomac.〕〔Eicher, 2001, p. 335.〕 By September 3, 1862, McClellan already was aware that Lee would invade Maryland across the upper Potomac River and began to shift troops into Maryland.〔Hansen, 1961, p. 230.〕 Otherwise, he acted without haste or energy.〔Eicher, 2001, pp. 339–340.〕 He was hesitant not just because that was his usual tendency but in part because he believed that Lee had about three times the number of men that he had actually brought into Maryland.〔 On September 13, 1862, a Union soldier, Corporal Barton W. Mitchell, found a copy of Lee's Special Order 191 which gave the disposition and objectives of his army's detachments and their instructions for joining back together.〔Hansen, 1961, p. 236.〕〔Eicher, 2001, p. 340.〕 With this information, although he waited from late morning until late night to act, McClellan moved the Union Army toward Lee's location.〔Eicher, 2001, pp. 340–341.〕 This led to the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, 1862.〔Hansen, 1961, p. 239.〕 A Frederick, Maryland citizen, who was at McClellan's camp, although he was a Southern sympathizer, saw McClellan's reaction on that morning and warned Lee of the Union's intelligence coup.〔Eicher, 2001, p. 341.〕 Lee saw the danger from McClellan's acquisition of this information and from the Union troop movements in his direction.〔 He sent instructions for the detachments he had sent on various missions to rejoin the main body of his troops at Sharpsburg, Maryland as soon as possible.〔〔Hansen, 1961, pp. 240, 245–246.〕 On September 16, 1862, the opposing armies were taking up positions near Antietam Creek just outside of Sharpsburg.〔Hansen, 1961, p. 251.〕〔Eicher, 2001, p. 347.〕 On September 17, 1862, the Union and Confederate forces fought the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest single day of battle in the Civil War.〔 Although his force was badly depleted and outnumbered after the heavy fighting, Lee kept his army at the field during the next day, but moved across the Potomac to Virginia that night.〔Hansen, 1961, p. 260.〕〔Jones, Ph.D., Wilmer L. ''Behind Enemy Lines: Civil War Spies, Raiders and Guerrillas''. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Co., 2001. ISBN 0-87833-191-3. p. 137.〕 At Antietam, the Union Army recovered from the defeat at Second Manassas and put an abrupt end to Lee's Maryland Campaign.〔Hansen, 1961, p. 262.〕 Nonetheless, McClellan lost the opportunity to destroy the Confederate army and allowed Lee to escape, reorganize and make up his losses.〔〔Eicher, 2001, p. 363.〕 President Lincoln was disturbed that McClellan did not follow up on his gains of the previous day or immediately pursue Lee's army.〔 On October 6, 1862, Halleck, on behalf of the President, ordered McClellan to pursue Lee, but McClellan continued to delay.〔Hansen, 1961, pp. 260–261.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chambersburg Raid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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